October 2022

Genealogy Gems:

News from the Allen County Public Library at Fort Wayne No. 224, October 31, 2022

In this issue: Looking Back at an Engaging Month . . . and Looking Forward to Holiday Story Gathering

Proving Pregnancy: Gender, Law, and Medical Knowledge in Nineteenth-Century America The Oxford Dictionary of Family Names of Ireland

Technology Tip of the Month: Content Aware Move

PERSI Gems: Dental Issues

History Tidbits: Colonial Legal History

Genealogy Center’s November Programs

Staying Informed about Genealogy Center Programming

Genealogy Center Social Media

Driving Directions to the Library

Parking at the Library

Genealogy Center Queries

Publishing Note

**************************************

Looking Back at an Engaging Month . . . and Looking Forward to Holiday Story Gathering by Curt B. Witcher

***************************************

In the waning hours of Family History Month 2022, I trust you can look back on these past thirty-one days with a sense of success and wonder. I hope you have learned a few new things, affirmed many more things you have evidenced previously in collecting your families’ stories, and are filled with a sense of excitement about opportunities to gather more family stories during the upcoming holiday season. The Genealogy Center team enjoyed the many programs and other engagements we presented this month. We are always heartened and honored to have so many of you join us for Family History Month activities. Literally thousands of individuals attended our programs, forty-four individuals shared stories with us on Storytelling Sundays, and we mused upon and answered one hundred and fifty brick-wall questions. It is my sincerest aspiration that this month’s experiences have prepared you for the wonderful and wonder-filled opportunities that end-of-year holidays provide us. I also hope they have prepared you for an exciting line-up of November programs. In addition to your Tuesday afternoon and Thursday evening virtual programs, we have two extra programs planned for November. We have a special weekend of learning and networking near the middle of November. First, on November 12, 2022 at 2 p.m., the African American Genealogical Society of Fort Wayne (AAGSFW) is partnering with the Genealogy Center to present, “Best Sources and Techniques for African American Genealogy, Part 2.” The first part of this program, offered in early October, was very well received. Led by society chair, Roberta Ridley, numerous sources and strategies were identified for the successful researcher. The hour went by so quickly that the AAGSFW immediately committed to a follow-up program in November to give interested individuals more tools to engage in finding their families’ stories so we will all be more prepared for the holidays. And second, the Northeast Indiana Jewish Genealogy Society, in partnership with the Genealogy Center, is offering an excellent virtual program on “U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Records” on Sunday, November 13, 2022 beginning at 2 p.m. Marian Smith is presenting the in-depth program. Ms. Smith served for thirty years as an historian for the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) and has significant knowledge about late 19th and 20th century immigration records. During the first session, at 2:00, Marian will discuss passenger lists, immigration correspondence files, visas, legalizations & adjustments, 1940 alien registration forms, and alien registration files (A-Files). In the second session, at 3:30 p.m., Ms. Smith will cover court naturalization records, INS naturalization certificate files (C-Files), and naturalization correspondence files. One must register to attend. A link to that registration is further on in this newsletter under the listing of November programs. Here’s to using our time before the holiday in order to use our time wisely during the holidays!

***************************************

Proving Pregnancy: Gender, Law, and Medical Knowledge in Nineteenth-Century America by John D. Beatty, CG

***************************************

Establishing for legal purposes whether a woman was pregnant or had once been carrying a child challenged court officials in the nineteenth century, a time when there were no simple pregnancy tests. If a woman were charged with infanticide – and only unmarried women were charged by a narrow definition of the law – the court relied initially on the testimonies of midwives, folk healers, and neighbors to prove that she had been pregnant with a bastard child. In the colonial era, even if the child had been delivered stillborn, concealment of the birth constituted infanticide as defined by a 1624 British statute. Enslaved women and poor whites became the frequent targets of this law, the former especially because slaves were tangible assets of monetary value in the eyes of society. The death of an infant represented a loss of property to the enslaver. Felicity M. Turner’s book, “Proving Pregnancy: Gender, Law, and Medical Knowledge in NineteenthCentury America” (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2022) (GC 973.8 T85p) explores the legal ramifications of illegitimate pregnancy in America’s past, its association with infant death, and how the process changed through the nineteenth century. That proof, at least according to the 1624 statute, depended only on whether a woman had been pregnant. Significantly, it did not require discovery of the infant’s body for the charge to be leveled against her. Married men and women could also be charged with murder of a child, but in those instances, the court required the body as evidence. Turner’s book traces how the knowledge of women’s bodies and the views of women as property in the legal arena changed between the Revolutionary War and the end of Reconstruction. During that time, both enslaved and free women, black and white, lost control of reproduction to a group of white male medical and legal professionals, who were increasingly out of touch with the reasons for infanticide than the midwives and healers, who had testified on their behalf in the early nineteenth century. The change led ultimately to the reinforcement of prevailing stereotypical views that relegated women and blacks as both mentally and physically inferior to their white male counterparts. Newspapers promoted stories of infanticide to feed the lurid interest of readers, while many whites conflated these stories with “Blackness.” As genealogists, we need to develop a working understanding of local law as it applies to our ancestors in the places they lived. When we write family history, we should attempt to comprehend their world, the reasons why they may have been in court, and the social and cultural motivations prompting the charges being leveled against them. If an infant died, especially if it were born out of wedlock, the death should lead researchers to contextualize the death against the backdrop of other issues bringing women into court accused for other reasons. Books like “Proving Pregnancy” add to the growing collection of historical legal works on early America that make up a portion of our holdings. We may never fully know the stigma that a woman faced for bearing a child out-of-wedlock in the nineteenth century, but books like this one offer us a glimpse into her world.

***************************************

The Oxford Dictionary of Family Names of Ireland by Elizabeth Hodges

***************************************

Due to great record loss, there are times when doing Irish genealogy research can feel like trying to put a puzzle together with only half the pieces. Irish family historians are keenly aware that we sometimes need to use the most obscure resources in order to paint a picture of our family’s story, but it is easy to forget about certain basic resources. One simple class of resources important to Irish researchers, though sometimes overlooked, are family name dictionaries. In the face of documents stating your ancestor was simply from “Ireland,” these dictionaries at minimum can offer general clues about where a certain ancestor might have originated. While there are very common names such as Moore, Murphy, Carroll, etc. that are prevalent across Ireland, they are documented in a surname dictionary like Kay Muhr and Liam O hAisibeil’s 2021 dictionary, “The Oxford Dictionary of Family Names of Ireland” (929.4 M89ox), which can offer great insights and breadcrumbs to follow. Each dictionary entry contains the following sequence of information: the main entry (and variant spellings), frequency (how often the name appeared in the 1911 Census of Ireland), main locations (in what counties each name appears between 1847-1864), explanations that indicate origins/how a name developed and social groups (i.e. language, culture, or religious affiliation), further information regarding the history of a name or its adoption place of another name, early bearers of the name (this is not a comprehensive list), and references to additional sources specific to that particular name. In addition to building on previous family surname books, the authors used the 1911 Census of Ireland, the last census before Partition in 1921, as a crucial source for deriving a headword list of 23,798 names. This list was then used to determine the frequency of each name that had 100 bearers or more in 1911. “Family Names of Ireland '' is incredibly well sourced and includes a tenpage, double column, source list in the front of the book. The major sources used include medieval Irish genealogies, the Irish Annals, “Calendar of Documents Relating to Ireland,” Irish Fiants of the Tudor Sovereigns, Calendar of Patent Rolls of James I, the Hearth Money Rolls, the Flaxgrowers List 1796, Tithe Applotment Books, Ordnance Survey Memoirs, and Griffith’s Valuation 1847-1864 (Kay & O hAisibeil, xlii-xlvi). Most of the names in “Family Names of Ireland'' are Irish (Gaelic), English, or of Scottish origin, but there are also names with Scottish Gaelic, Norman-French, Welsh, and other origins represented in the book that were well established by 1911. Kay and O hAisibeil make a point to state in their introduction that the primary focus of the book is on well-established names in Ireland and their development and evolution from the medieval period to the modern era– not family names established in more recent times (Kay & O hAisibeil, x). Despite this caveat, “Family Names of Ireland” is well-sourced, easy to use, and can offer more breadcrumbs to follow. [Muhr, Kay, and Liam Ó hAisibéil. The Oxford Dictionary of Family Names of Ireland. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2021. ACPL Call #: 929.4 M89OX]

***************************************

Technology Tip of the Month: Content Aware Move by Kay Spears

***************************************

This is one of my favorite “fun” tools in Adobe Elements, but first, let’s talk about Content Aware. Content-Aware, in one form or another, has been around in Adobe Elements since Version 9. In Version 9, we were introduced to Content-Aware Fill. Then in Version 12, we were introduced to Content-Aware Patch and Content-Aware Move. We are going to look at Content-Aware Move in this article. I hear you asking…what is Content-Aware? Well, it’s one of those little tools that Adobe gave us that thinks for us. In my simple words, you find something in your photo, you select, and then you engage the Content-Aware. And, magically what you selected changes to whatever you want…supposedly. Of course, this doesn’t always work. Everything depends on the size of the selection and the photo itself. If you have the perfect photograph, Content-Aware will do what you want it to do, and you don’t have to tweak it. But, we live in the real world, so let’s take a look at what you can do with the Content-Aware Move Tool. Let’s say I have a photograph of a group of people, but there is someone who isn’t in the right place. Open your image. On your Tool Bar in the Modify group, you will see an icon which looks like wriggly arrows crossing each other. I used to think they were swords, but they aren’t, they are arrows. Select that tool. As with all of our tools, an option box opens. To make things simple we are going to select the New, Move, and Transform on Drop options. You may play later. When you hover your cursor over your image, it should change to the two arrows. Now select the person you want to move and draw around them. Let up on your mouse, and you should have a marching ant line going around the person you want to move. Now hold your left clicker down on your selection and move. Your selection should move to wherever you want, and then let go of your cursor. There should be a little rectangle box going around your person. Now, here is a little trick. If you select the handles of this little box, you can shrink this image down to as small as you want it. Now click on the green check mark. You should see Elements transforming your image. Now, take a look at your image, and you will see a number of things. You should see that the spot from where you moved the person has been filled in. That is your Content-Aware area. This is where the size of what you are doing matters. Sometimes it’s filled in, and you don’t see anything. But sometimes, it’s very obvious that something has been removed. In those cases, you will need to go back and with a bit of cloning, fix it. There is also something else to look at in this photograph. Remember the person I moved to some other area in the photo and then shrunk down? Well that person is now this teensy little speck, and all I have to do is clone them out. They are gone from the photo. This tool works well if the color of the photograph isn’t too complicated and if the area you want to fill isn’t too large. If you are filling in people, they should not be touching or have arms around shoulders…a hand touching a shoulder with no body attached is just too weird. And remember, I can’t say this tool falls into the preservation category; no, this tool is definitely a touch-up tool. As with all of the other tools in Adobe Elements, I encourage playing with them. But enjoy this particular one. Next article: We continue our Adobe Elements journey in the Modify Group with the Straighten Tool.

***************************************

PERSI Gems: Dental Issues by Adam Barrone and Mike Hudson

***************************************

Our most vivid memories are tied to experiences which evoke intense emotion. We remember the excitement and heartbreak of young love, the reassurance of a caregiver in a time of need, the grief following a death, or the fear of returning to normal activities after an accident or victimization. We, too, remember the anxiety associated with an unpleasant medical or dental procedure. Our written history chronicles the memories of our lives. The Periodical Source Index (PERSI) seeks to aid your search of these recollections, even those which originate in a dentist's chair. Try a search here: https://www.genealogycenter.info/persi/ Arthur Birchnell fined 40 shillings for speeding, tooth extraction excuse, 1936 Suffolk (Eng.) Roots, Vol. 40, Issue 1 (Jun 2014) Bear hunters' prank, prop dead bear's skull in Dr. R. K. Trueblood's dentist chair, 1939 Glendale Arizona Historical Society Newsletter, Vol. 31, Issue 2 (Feb 2011) Belleville Public School children have defective teeth, news note, 1926 St. Clair County (IL) Genealogical Society Newsletter, Vol. 34, Issue 8 (Oct 2011) Dentist uses fingers to pull teeth, learned technique from a Chinese practitioner, 1902 Brethren Roots (Fellowship of Brethren Genealogists, VA), Vol. 43, Issue 3 (Sum 2012) Divorced wife may keep false teeth, Henry Hardesty trial, St. Joseph Gazette excerpt, 1913 Northwest Missouri Genealogical Society Journal, Vol. 33, Issue 2 (Fal 2013) Dr. Wesley Meyers accused of dropping dental tools down throat of Charles Gall, Jr., 2006-2007, FL Solitude in Stone (Jan 2010) Eliza Harvey charged with drunkenness, says all her teeth pulled at once, 1909 Essex (Eng.) Family Historian, Issue 130 (Dec 2008) False teeth found sunken in lollypop found on street, 1908 Oak Leaves (Warren County Historical Society, NJ), Vol. 22, Issue 3 (Win 2007) Girls falling in love with new dentist's work, fifty years ago, Brantley Enterprise, June 28, 1973 Armadillo Tracks (Brantley County Historical & Preservation Society, GA), Issue 4 (Sep 2018) H. Glenn Cardwell recalls hog killing, his dad's hog tooth dentures, n.d. Smoky Mountain (TN) Historical Society Journal and Newsletter, Vol. 37, Issue 2 (Sum 2011) J. Craddock death, extraction of tooth by another blacksmith, age 27, d. 1811, Langtoft, Eng. Lincolnshire (Eng.) Family History Society Journal, Vol. 18, Issue 1 (Feb 2007) James Gatlin, age 80, cut third set of teeth, 1896, IA Washington County (IA) Genealogical Society Newsletter, Vol. 28, Issue 3 (Fal 2011) Mothers against the bomb, Baby Tooth Survey and the Nuclear Test Ban movement, 1954-1969 Missouri Historical Review, Vol. 112, Issue 2 (Jan 2018) Paul Cleek died after picking at ulcerated tooth with a crochet hook, d. 1823, IL Schuylerite (Schuyler County Jail Museum, IL), Vol. 40, Issue 1 (Spr 2011) Tooth found adhering to crank handle on submarine H. L. Hunley, Frank Collins note, 1864, 2004+ Civil War Times Illustrated, Vol. 56, Issue 5 (Oct 2017) Travelling gang of tooth pullers visit town, 670 teeth pulled, 1886 Cambria County (PA) Heritage, Vol. 31, Issue 1 (Win 2011)

***************************************

History Tidbits: Colonial Legal History By Allison DePrey Singleton

***************************************

Legal systems have existed in North America far longer than the United States has existed. People from different cultures and throughout history have found methods to regulate society and punish those who do wrong. This article focuses on European legal systems, but it is important to note that indigenous tribes had their own systems in place long before white people ever landed in what became the United States. Let’s explore some of the first European legal systems in place in what would become the United States. When Europeans came to the new country, they brought with them the laws and legal understanding they had already inherited from their home country. Many sets of laws from different European cultures were enacted throughout North America. For example, at Plymouth Colony, which was settled in 1620, its leaders created a set of laws that reflected the needs of their community in their new homeland. Eventually, the first set of written laws were codified in 1636. These laws were derived from English common laws, but they also included religious-based provisions as well that were changed and updated as time progressed. To read more about the legal system of the Pilgrims, explore this page: http://www.histarch.illinois.edu/plymouth/ccflaw.html. When the colonies were being settled, colonization occurred for different purposes. Some immigrants came to the New World for religious freedom, and their laws tended to focus on the practice of religion. Others arrived for the opportunity to own land and grow marketable crops like tobacco. The Genealogy Center contains many useful books about the colonial legal systems that existed across North America. William Edward Nelson’s book, “The Common Law in America” (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008) provides a contrasting overview of the common law that existed from New England to the Chesapeake, the Middle Colonies, and the Carolinas. Peter Charles Hoffer’s “Law and People in Colonial America,” revised edition (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1998) explores the passion that colonists had for the law, how they adapted it to fit changing circumstances, and how intimate it was in people’s lives. Holly Brewer’s “By Birth or Consent: Children, Law, and the Anglo-American Revolution in Authority” (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005), discusses the changing view of children in Anglo-American law. When researching any colony that is a part of the present-day United States, it is important to remember that not all areas followed English common law. Colonial Louisiana practiced a version of Napoleonic Code that evolved after Louisiana changed hands between the French and the Spanish prior to the Louisiana Purchase. In the first decade after the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, a new legal system was developed that was primarily based on French Napoleonic Code, but it repealed previous French and Spanish slave laws and replaced them with more repressive models from American legal systems. Vernon Valentine Palmer’s book, “The Lost Translators of 1808 and the Birth for Civil Law in Louisiana” (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2021) is an excellent book for understanding how Louisiana’s laws developed in this critical, quickly evolving, post-colonial time period. Likewise, Judith Kelleher Schafer’s “An Uncommon Experience: Law and Judicial Institutions in Louisiana, 1803-2003” (Lafayette, Louisiana: University of Southwestern Louisiana, 1997) discusses the evolution of the French legal tradition. Researchers may want to explore the LibGuide list for each of the colonies and their associated colonial laws. (LibGuides are web-based content management systems that are popular among librarians. In a more traditional sense, they are used to create, curate, and publish research, curated links, and academic course guides.) Bowling Green’s website, https://libguides.bgsu.edu/ColonialLaws, provides a link to online resources for all thirteen colonies. Wikipedia also has a very robust article on the “Law of the United States.” This extensive piece contains many links and many screens of notes and nearly one hundred sources. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States Among the rich sources of data found in this article is a brief treatment and reminder that at both the federal and state levels, except Louisiana, the law of the United States is largely derived from the common law system of English law, which was in force at the time of American Revolution. Over the years, American laws have continued to change and grow apart from English common law in both substance and procedure. When conducting your own research, it is immensely important to research the laws of the time period and geographic area your ancestors lived in order to find the records you need to understand and interpret your family’s story.

***************************************

Genealogy Center’s November Programs

***************************************

Join us for another month of free, virtual programs and activities to celebrate Family History Month! November 01 2022, 2:30 p.m. ET “Go West Young Man: Westward Migration in the Mid-1800s” with Allison Singleton - https://acpl.libnet.info/event/7462353 November 03 2022, 6:30 p.m. ET “DNA Testing for Your Genealogy Research” with April Earle - https://acpl.libnet.info/event/7425195 November 08 2022, 2:30 p.m. ET “Researching U.S. City Directories” with Andy McCarthy - https://acpl.libnet.info/event/7462543 November 10 2022, 6:30 p.m. ET “Making the Genealogy Center in Fort Wayne Your Research Assistant” with Curt Witcher - https://acpl.libnet.info/event/7462578 November 12, 2022, 2 p.m. ET “Best Sources and Techniques for African American Genealogy, Part 2” with Roberta Ridley, the African American Genealogical Society of Fort Wayne, and the Genealogy Center. Email Genealogy@ACPL.info for required registration link. November 13, 2022, 2 p.m. ET “U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Records” with the Northeast Indiana Jewish Genealogy Society and Marian Smith - https://us02web.zoom.us/meeting/register/tZYqc-mhrTwvE9Wd9tcrZaid0hbT7SP-uIdb November 15 2022, 2:30 p.m. ET “Reaching Local Youth by Raising the Dead” with Mona Vance-Ali - https://acpl.libnet.info/event/7465886 November 17 2022, 6:30 p.m. ET “Navigating the Records from The War of 1812” with Brian Rhinehart - https://acpl.libnet.info/event/7465815 November 22 2022, 2:30 p.m. ET “Key Online Record Collections for Researching Your Mexican Ancestors” with Colleen Greene - https://acpl.libnet.info/event/7466620 November 29 2022, 2:30 p.m. ET “The Home Archivist: Preserving Your Ancestor's Records Like a Pro!” with Melissa Barker - https://acpl.libnet.info/event/7465721 Please register in advance for the engaging programs and participate in the Facebook activities.

***************************************

Staying Informed about Genealogy Center Programming

***************************************

Do you want to know what we have planned? Are you interested in one of our events, but forget? We offer email updates for The Genealogy Center’s programming schedule. Don’t miss out! Sign up at http://goo.gl/forms/THcV0wAabB.

***************************************

Genealogy Center Social Media

***************************************

Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/GenealogyCenter/

Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/genealogycenter/

Twitter: https://twitter.com/ACPLGenealogy

Blog: http://www.genealogycenter.org/Community/Blog.aspx

YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/user/askacpl

***************************************

Driving Directions to the Library

***************************************

Wondering how to get to the library? Our location is 900 Library Plaza, Fort Wayne, Indiana, in the block bordered on the south by Washington Boulevard, the west by Ewing Street, the north by Wayne Street, and the east by the Library Plaza, formerly Webster Street. We would enjoy having you visit the Genealogy Center. To get directions from your exact location to 900 Library Plaza, Fort Wayne, Indiana, visit this link at MapQuest: http://www.mapquest.com/maps/map.adp?formtype=address&addtohistory=&address=900%20Web ster%20St&city=Fort%20Wayne&state=IN&zipcode=46802%2d3602&country=US&geodiff=1 >From the South Exit Interstate 69 at exit 302. Drive east on Jefferson Boulevard into downtown. Turn left on Ewing Street. The Library is one block north, at Ewing Street and Washington Boulevard. Using US 27: US 27 turns into Lafayette Street. Drive north into downtown. Turn left at Washington Boulevard and go five blocks. The Library will be on the right. >From the North Exit Interstate 69 at exit 312. Drive south on Coldwater Road, which merges into Clinton Street. Continue south on Clinton to Washington Boulevard. Turn right on Washington and go three blocks. The Library will be on the right. >From the West Using US 30: Drive into town on US 30. US 30 turns into Goshen Ave. which dead-ends at West State Blvd. Make an angled left turn onto West State Blvd. Turn right on Wells Street. Go south on Wells to Wayne Street. Turn left on Wayne Street. The Library will be in the second block on the right. Using US 24: After crossing under Interstate 69, follow the same directions as from the South. >From the East Follow US 30/then 930 into and through New Haven, under an overpass into downtown Fort Wayne. You will be on Washington Blvd. when you get downtown. Library Plaza will be on the right.

***************************************

Parking at the Library

***************************************

At the Library, underground parking can be accessed from Wayne Street. Other library parking lots are at Washington and Webster, and Wayne and Webster. Hourly parking is $1 per hour with a $7 maximum. ACPL library card holders may use their cards to validate the parking ticket at the west end of the Great Hall of the Library. Out-of -county residents may purchase a subscription card with proof of identification and residence. The current fee for an Individual Subscription Card is $85. Public lots are located at the corner of Ewing and Wayne Streets ($1 each for the first two half-hours, $1 per hour after, with a $4 per day maximum) and the corner of Jefferson Boulevard and Harrison Street ($3 per day). Street (metered) parking on Ewing and Wayne Streets. On the street you plug the meters 8am – 5pm, weekdays only. The meters take credit cards and charge at a rate of $1/hour. Street parking is free after 5 p.m. and on the weekends. Visitor center/Grand Wayne Center garage at Washington and Clinton Streets. This is the Hilton Hotel parking lot that also serves as a day parking garage. For hourly parking, 7am – 11 pm, charges are .50 for the first 45 minutes, then $1.00 per hour. There is a flat $2.00 fee between 5 p.m. and 11 p.m.

***************************************

Genealogy Center Queries

***************************************

The Genealogy Center hopes you find this newsletter interesting. Thank you for subscribing. We cannot, however, answer personal research emails written to the e-zine address. The department houses a Research Center that makes photocopies and conducts research for a fee. If you have a general question about our collection, or are interested in the Research Center, please telephone the library and speak to a librarian who will be glad to answer your general questions or send you a research center form. Our telephone number is 260-421-1225. If you’d like to email a general information question about the department, please email: Genealogy@ACPL.Info.

***************************************

Publishing Note

*************************************** 4

This electronic newsletter is published by the Allen County Public Library's Genealogy Center, and is intended to enlighten readers about genealogical research methods as well as inform them about the vast resources of the Allen County Public Library. We welcome the wide distribution of this newsletter and encourage readers to forward it to their friends and societies. All precautions have been made to avoid errors. However, the publisher does not assume any liability to any party for any loss or damage caused by errors or omissions, no matter the cause. To subscribe to “Genealogy Gems,” simply use your browser to go to the website: www.GenealogyCenter.org. Scroll to the bottom, click on E-zine, and fill out the form. You will be notified with a confirmation email. If you do not want to receive this e-zine, please follow the link at the very bottom of the issue of Genealogy Gems you just received or send an email to kspears@acpl.lib.in.us with "unsubscribe ezine" in the subject line. Curt B. Witcher and John D. Beatty, CG, co-editors