July 2023

Genealogy Gems:

News from the Allen County Public Library at Fort Wayne No. 233, July 31, 2023

In this issue:

Planning Your Continuing Education Opportunities

Using Local Histories to Unlock Genealogical Treasures

U.K. Coastguard Records

Technology Tip of the Month: More Line Mysteries

PERSI Gems: Coffee

History Tidbits: Augustus or What’s in a Name?

Genealogy Center’s August Programs

Staying Informed about Genealogy Center Programming

Genealogy Center Social Media

Driving Directions to the Library

Parking at the Library

Genealogy Center Queries

Publishing Note

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Planning Your Continuing Education Opportunities by Curt B. Witcher

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I have always believed in the worth of environmental scans--a biz way of saying I like to take time to look around and see what others are doing that might apply to or affect fields of endeavor and areas of life in which I am interested. And, oh my goodness, is there a lot to observe and evaluate. One important area that is absolutely fascinating is the field of genealogical education. The pandemic invited us to find new ways of meeting, sharing, and continuing our genealogical education virtually. Many societies and organizations rather quickly embraced a virtual platform (Zoom, GoTo Meetings, etc.) for their business meetings as well as their workshops and seminars. Many found this method of sharing and educating a lifeline during the misery of navigating COVID. I have heard from so many about the many amazing things they learned to assist them in better finding their families’ stories and the awesome new “research buddies” they met through all this virtual engagement. As the pandemic started to subside in dramatic ways, many did what people typically do--head “back to normal.” Reality shows us time and time again, though, that the real, more meaningful path is really “forward to normal,” not “back to normal.” Even though individuals are increasingly more comfortable meeting in person, many genealogists continue to embrace the tremendous variety and choice they have in virtual meetings. Some also truly embrace the positives of virtual programs like being able to focus better on the presentations without worrying about noise they can’t control, room temperatures that make them uncomfortable, and physically rushing across a meeting complex to get to the next session on time. In addition, the cost savings is profound. Look at us--learning something unexpected from our pandemic-era experiences! Taking a look around, we see that after two years of hybrid (in-person and virtual) meetings, the National Genealogical Society is going totally virtual in 2024. The Salt Lake Institute of Genealogy is remaining virtual in 2024. Just a few days from now, the Genealogical Society of Pennsylvania is offering a brand-new event, PaGE 2023, and the eight-day event is completely virtual. (One really couldn’t do an eight day in person conference; the costs would be astronomical!) And those societies wanting to meet in person find themselves needing to commit to hybrid meetings to reach the maximum number of individuals (and pay the bills). So, the title of this brief column has a double meaning--planning your own personal educational opportunities and planning the educational offerings of the genealogical and historical societies to which you belong. With virtual and hybrid meetings, one has so many richer educational opportunities. As summer is beginning to draw to a close with students starting back to school in a matter of days, gather together all the data you have gleaned from family reunions and get-togethers as well as from any research excursions you may have taken. Then see what kinds of educational offerings are available across the country (indeed, the world!) that might help you better assess the data you have found and lead you to new sources and enhanced strategies. Those of you involved with societies can do the same thing--explore what members are interested in learning and where they are commonly experiencing “brick walls.” Find a good presenter to do a virtual program. You likely will be fulfilling one of your society’s missions while engaging members and prospective members in your society. The Genealogy Center offers two virtual programs each week. Take an active role in your continuing family history education by signing up for at least a few each month. In addition, you can go to the Center’s homepage (www.GenealogyCenter.org) and click on the YouTube icon to get access to nearly 250 past programs. You really don’t have a reason not to research better and smarter.

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Using Local Histories to Unlock Genealogical Treasures by Kate McKenzie

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Local histories play a significant role in genealogy research as they may provide valuable insights and context about the lives of our ancestors. While official records such as birth, marriage and death certificates are essential for tracing our ancestry, local histories add depth and color to our understanding of our family’s past. The Genealogy Center offers an extensive selection of local history and genealogy publications focused on the United States. The collection comprises over 372,000 printed volumes that encompass the historical accounts and records of various towns and counties throughout the nation. In researching my North Carolina ancestors, one volume that proved to be helpful was “Transylvania Beginnings: A History” (975.601 T68M). Mary Jane McCrary compiled this book by employing a blend of published sources, newspaper materials, and local traditions. The publication was made available to groups at the Transylvania County Historic Properties Commission and Western Carolina University’s Department of History in an effort to ensure that the material was as historically accurate as possible. Inside the book, you can find abstracts of early marriage bonds, maps, details about settlement and community life over the years, photographs, and biographical information about numerous early Transylvania County families. Through this book, I discovered that my ancestor, Lambert Clayton, was assigned by the court to "collect the taxes from the head of the French Broad to the Little River." Additionally, another ancestor named John Clayton held the position of the first postmaster. Local histories hold numerous genealogical treasures waiting to be explored. While local histories can provide valuable insights for genealogy research, it is also important to be aware of their limitations. Local histories are not primary source materials. They were often written many years after the events took place. Here are some considerations to keep in mind: incomplete information, inconsistencies and contradictions. To mitigate these potential downsides, it is best to complement local histories with other reliable sources such as official records, primary sources, and published genealogical studies. Cross-referencing information and using a variety of sources can help create a more comprehensive and accurate picture of your genealogical research. There are several ways to access the Genealogy Center’s local histories: -Utilize our genealogycenter.org catalog to discover county histories relevant to the regions where your ancestors resided, and explore our selection of on-site resources to assist you in your research. -On our website's main page, locate and click on the 'Family History Archives' button. This will direct you to a page where you can find convenient links to the FamilySearch Digital Library and Internet Archive. The Genealogy Center actively participates in various initiatives aimed at making substantial portions of its collection, which are in the public domain, accessible online. By utilizing these links, you can search and browse through over one hundred thousand materials from our collection, including local histories, right from the comfort of your own home! When conducting genealogy research, consulting local histories, including local newspapers, historical society publications, county histories, church records, and other community resources, can significantly enhance our understanding of our family's past. By combining official records with local histories, we can paint a more complete picture of our ancestors' lives and experiences.

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U.K. Coastguard Records by Elizabeth Hodges

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The U.K. National Archives has a free catalog of military service records for people who had ancestors that served in His Majesty’s Coastguard, established in 1822, or its predecessor, the Preventive Water Guard, established in 1809. My third great-grandfather, Samuel Hodges, was born in Bristol, England, and joined the Coast Guard in Ireland in 1822. These records revealed information about his pension, the Coast Guard stations where he was posted, and why he was transferred--including a transfer potentially rooted in scandal due to the "misconduct" of his wife. The bulk of the records are found in two types of books - the Alphabetical Seamen Books and the Establishment Books. The Alphabetical Seamen Books are not complete and have missing dates (they are also not entirely alphabetical), but they do contain lists of Coast Guard members along with their postings and most recent transfers. Since they are not well sorted, using the Alphabetical Seamen Books requires a fair amount of digging. The Establishment Books list all of the Coast Guard stations going “clockwise” along the coast. For example, the Irish books start in Dublin and go south along the east coast, eventually circling the entire island. These books list all of the extant Coast Guard stations during the time frame covered along with the date the seamen arrived and the date, location, and reason they transferred to another station. The most common reasons listed were “good service,” “per request,” or forced retirement due to illness. The records are juicy, but they can be a challenge to find in the National Archives’ catalog. The primary location of the historical Coast Guard records for England, Wales, and Ireland (Scotland had a separate division of the service) is the ADM175 record series. Think of the records series as Russian nesting dolls. Within ADM175 (https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/browse/r/h/C1884) there are dozens of subseries of records for records like the Establishment Books that are location and date range specific. After going to the link above, you will see a list of subseries on the right side of the page. If you click on the subseries that says “Establishment Books,” you will be brought to this page: https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/browse/r/h/C60190. From there, look at the list of subseries within the Establishment Books to select the correct location. After selecting the location, you’ll be brought to a page that will list the records by date range. For example, clicking on Ireland brings you to a page like this: https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/browse/r/h/C2976573. From there, you would select the date range you want, and you will see instructions on how to download the file in one large PDF in a green box on the right side of the screen. The direct links below to additional record sets should help you navigate this a little more easily. ADM 175/99 https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C2976660 ADM 175/7 https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C2976565 ADM 175/17 https://Catalogue description ADM 175. Irelanddiscovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C2976575 ADM 175/18 https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C2976576 ADM 175/19 https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C2976577 BT113 https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C3154 PMG 23 (Coastguard Civil Pensions) https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C11679 ADM 23 (Admiralty Register of Pensions) https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C1732 His Majesty’s Coastguard was created primarily as a search and rescue service for victims of shipwrecks, but it also played an important role in preventing smuggling operations. These records are often neglected in favor of Army and Navy records, but they represent another service outlet in which young men in the nineteenth century could serve their country. If you can document an ancestor living in a coastal city in the United Kingdom or Ireland, the Coast Guard records are worth investigating.

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Technology Tip of the Month: More Line Mysteries by Kay Spears

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In my last article, I talked about all the different lines that Microsoft Word has available. I talked about Drawing Lines and Paragraph Border Lines. This time I’m going to talk about page borders and lines in the Header and Footer. Before I move onto the “how-to,” I need to say these instructions are for Microsoft 2016. You can do what I’m about to tell you in other versions, they just might be located in different places. (Don’t you just love upgrades)? On the Menu bar at the top in the Paragraph group is a little drop-down box called Borders. This little drop-down box has a lot of options: Bottom Border, Top Border, Left Border, Right Border, No Border, Outside Border, Inside Horizontal Line, Inside Vertical Line, Diagonal Down Border, Diagonal Up Border, Horizontal Line, Draw Table, View Gridlines, Borders and Shading. I’m going to talk about the Horizontal Line and Borders and Shading options. You can play with the other options. Horizontal Line option. This is probably one of the easiest settings to understand in word. Place your cursor where you want your line and just click on that option in the drop-down box. And, voila a line. This line can be deleted by selecting it and deleting. Borders and Shading Options. When you select this option from the drop-down box, you can open another dialog box. There are three tabs in this dialog box: Border, Page Border, and Shading. There are settings in each of these tabs. If I select the Box setting while I am in the Border Tab, a little tiny box appears on my page. I can adjust the weight of the lines and shading if I want. I can also click on the tiny little box and delete it. Make sure the box is highlighted when you try to delete it. However, if I am in the Page Border tab when I select Box, the entire page has a border around it. Also, that Page Border is automatically created for every page I type. I cannot delete it by selecting it and deleting. The only way to delete that Page Border is to go back into the dialog box and click on None. All the page Borders will disappear. Lines in Headers and Footers. In some of your adventures in Microsoft Word, you may come across a line at the top or bottom of the page you just cannot delete. Furthermore, you can’t even select it to delete. It just may be that this line was put in what is called the Header and/or Footer. That is an area where page numbers and some other things are usually put. If you click twice on your Word document, you should activate the Header and Footer fields. You should see that your paper looks faded and a dotted line appears, going across the Top and Bottom. There are also little boxes that say Header and Footer. This means that you can now edit the top or bottom of the page. This is where a lot of authors would put the name of their book or article and have them appear on every page they are typing. The Header and Footer option creates a template of sorts. If you want, you may insert a line into the Header and Footer. That line will appear on every page of your document. The only way to delete that line is to activate the editing properties of the Header and Footer. Lines. There are a lot of ways to put a line in your Word Document. Just remember, all those different ways have a different functionality and formatting. So, test the waters in the simple world of Microsoft Word. Next Article: Footnotes.

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PERSI Gems: Coffee by Adam Barrone and Mike Hudson

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Imagine, if you will, an 1880s schooner captain in the North Atlantic braving frigid winds over icy seas. Night after night, the cold penetrated his protective garments layer by layer, leaving the captain in want of a hot cup of coffee. His subordinates dutifully delivered the beverage, but it was never, according to the boss's persistent complaints, of sufficient temperature. Weary of the captain's dissatisfaction, the galley crew employed the oven to heat his mug "beyond all reason", poured boiling coffee, and promptly served it to their gloved captain. When the searing heat peeled the skin from his lips, Capt. Howes plunked down his mug and proclaimed, "Just right b'Gawd!" Coffee fuels the work of sailors, soldiers, firefighters, librarians, and genealogists. If you reach for a cup while searching in the Periodical Source Index, we hope it's just right. https://www.genealogycenter.info/persi/ Captain Ezra Howes finally gets coffee that is hot enough, 1882, Dennis Port, MA Dennis (MA) Historical Society Newsletter, Vol. 27, Issue 12 (Dec 2004) Coffee cup as a barometer, White Cloud Eagle tip, Mar. 1916 Swedish Finn Historical Society Quarterly (WA), Vol. 20, Issue 3 (Fal 2012) Coffee has taught some of life's best lessons, Janesville Daily Gazette, 2008 Luther Valley (WI) News, Vol. 8, Issue 3 (Jul 2008) Coffee with lizards added, history of coffee drinking, 1770s-1894 True West, Vol. 58, Issue 3 (Mar 2011) Confessions of a teenager, pilfering coffee during wartime rationing, 1943 Glendoran (Glendora, CA), Vol. 28, Issue 3 (May 2010) Elmer Ricker Store fire put out by Presbyterian coffee by Mrs. Hollis, n.d. Whitley County (IN) Historical Society Bulletin, Vol. 52, Issue 2 (Jun 2014) Fort Wayne Firemen's Wife's Auxiliary Coffee Team photo, 1969 Dispatch (Fort Wayne Professional Fire Fighter's Union), Nov. 2010 Gus Comstock drank 85 cups of coffee, became world champion, 1927, MN Otter Tail County (MN) Historical Society Newsletter, Vol. 37, Issue 3 (Jun 2011) Individualized coffee mugs used at Jay's Snack Bar, newspaper account, 1957 Vermont's Northland Journal, Vol. 8, Issue 6 (Sep 2009) John Martz charged with poisoning family, arsenic in coffee pot, Daily Notes excerpt, Mar. 1905 Keyhole (Genealogical Society of Southwestern Pennsylvania), Issue 4 (Win 2018) Kate Stone diary excerpt, use of okra for coffee during Civil War, 1860s Newsletter of the Smith County (TX) Historical Society, Nov 2011 Many ladies have poor complexion from coffee, Wheeling Register item, Jun. 1900 Lookout (Wheeling Area Genealogical Society, WV), Vol. 9, Issue 4 (Dec 2000) Merchants Tea Company promotion, free jewelry and watches in tea and coffee, 1888 Kith 'n Kin (Sandusky County Kin Hunters, OH), Vol. 22, Issue 5 (Sep 2004) Quitting tea and coffee, marketing alternative hot drinks to Mormons, 1833+ Journal of Mormon History, Vol. 42, Issue 1 (Jan 2016) R. H. Langford re women handing out coffee to troops on the Union Pacific Railroad, 1941 Generator (St. Mary's County Genealogical Society, MD), Vol. 28, Issue 3 (Spr 2005)

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History Tidbits: Augustus or What’s in a Name? by Logan Knight

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Out of the twelve months in the year, there are only two named for actual human beings. These, of course, are July and August, named respectfully for Julius Caesar and Augustus. Caesar gleams large in our collective consciousness, but his nephew Augustus has dimmed in the popular imagination. Yet, his achievements mark him as one of the most important figures in history. As the first Roman emperor, Augustus laid the foundations of an order that would endure for centuries and whose influence would be felt far beyond that. The full course of Augustus’s career is too much for this short article. Rather, let us focus on some of the highlights of his life. He was born Gaius Octavius on September 23, 63 B.C. in what is today Velletri, Italy, about twenty miles south of Rome. His family was of minor Roman noble stock. At least, that’s probably how it happened. His enemies claimed that he was either the descendant of a rope-making slave or an African baker turned perfumier. On the other hand, his partisans claimed that the god Apollo was his actual father. What most could agree on was that his birth room was so charged by unnatural magic that anyone who tried to sleep there would be hurled out of it by unseen forces. His great rival, Marc Antony, would yell that Octavian owed everything to his name. While Octavian would reveal himself to be a man of great talents, Antony was not far wrong. Octavian would not be known by that name, however. He would go by the name Gaius Julius Caesar Divi Filius (son of a god). Caesar had adopted him as his son in his will (and left him his fortune). He acquired the last bit after Caesar was deified (a comet seen streaking across the sky for a full week was taken as Caesar ascending to godhood). This portent would give him great authority and prestige. Caesar’s legionnaires were quite attached to their old general’s heir. When the Senate refused to make the 19-year-old consul for the year, a centurion growled at them saying: “Either you make him consul or this will '' and pointed to his sword. The senators complied. Shockingly for a Roman leader, Augustus was a terrible general. At the Battle of Philippi, when he and Marc Antony confronted Caesar’s assassins, he was sick in his tent through the whole affair. Fortunately, his best friend and ally, Agrippa, was an excellent leader and more than willing to stand back and allow Augustus to take the credit. Dividing up the Roman world between him and Marc Antony, Octavian received the western half including Rome. He set up residence on the Palatine Hill, the most exclusive neighborhood in the world and the root of our word “palace.” From here, he and Agrippa planned the campaigns that saw the son of Caesar emerge as the sole ruler of the Roman Empire. Augustus lived far longer than anyone would have suspected. The sickly emperor lived to the age of 76, quite an achievement in the ancient world. His ability to bring peace and tranquility ensured his massive popularity. The bloodstained terrorist had become the grand old man of the Roman world. However, one could interpret that as the philosopher, Seneca, did: “I would certainly not describe as mercy what was actually the exhaustion of cruelty.” So confident was he that he offered to lay down his authority in 27 B.C. Of course, he was immediately surrounded by pliant senators who convinced him to retain a few provinces that had the vast majority of legions in them. The Senate also awarded him the title of “Augustus,” meaning “consecrated” or “holy.” The title of “Romulus” had also been mentioned, but the emperor had no intention of playing second fiddle anymore. Augustus was nothing if not adept at playing the part. His last words were reported to be: “Have I played the part well? Then applaud as I exit.” It was rumored his wife, Livia, had killed him by poisoning some figs, his favorite food. These are just a few tidbits of one of the most incredible lives ever lived. For more information, please see the sources below. “Rubicon: The Last Years of the Roman Republic,” by Tom Holland “Dynasty: The Rise and Fall of the House of Caesar,” by Tom Holland “Augustus: The Life of Rome's First Emperor,” by Anthony Everitt “The Twelve Caesars” by Suetonius

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Genealogy Center’s August Programs

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Join us for another month of free, virtual programs. There are some really good ones here suggested by our patrons. August 1, 2023, 2:30 p.m. EST “Sharing the Stories of Your Ancestors” with EvaAnne Johnson - https://acpl.libnet.info/event/8801104 August 3, 2023, 6:30 p.m. EST “Mitochondrial DNA: An Overview & Testing Strategies” with Kathleen Carter - https://acpl.libnet.info/event/8802083 August 8, 2023, 2:30 p.m. EST “Mein Feld ist Die Welt”: A Historical Research Guide to Hamburg Passenger Lists” with Logan Knight - https://acpl.libnet.info/event/8802269 August 10, 2023, 6:30 p.m. EST “Finding Scottish Ancestors Online” with Nancy Loe - https://acpl.libnet.info/event/8802340 August 15, 2023, 2:30 p.m. EST “Ortssippenbücher Collection St. Louis County Public Library” with Robin McDonough - https://acpl.libnet.info/event/8801651 August 17, 2023, 6:30 p.m. EST “After the Fire: Overcoming Record Loss” with Jennifer Roodzant - https://acpl.libnet.info/event/8802368 August 22, 2023, 2:30 p.m. EST “Cluster and Collateral Research for Genealogical Problem Solving” with Laura Cubbage-Draper - https://acpl.libnet.info/event/8682064 August 24, 2023, 6:30 p.m. EST “Tips for Locating Hard to Find Census Records” with Lindsey Harner - https://acpl.libnet.info/event/8802470 August 29, 2023, 2:30 p.m. EST “Demystifying DAR Applications - Best Practices for Your Best Shot” with Kelley Conner Lear - https://acpl.libnet.info/event/8802504 August 31, 2023, 6:30 p.m. EST “International Research: Where to Begin?” with Tamara Hallo - https://acpl.libnet.info/event/8802568 Please register in advance for these engaging programs.

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Staying Informed about Genealogy Center Programming

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Do you want to know what we have planned? Are you interested in one of our events, but forget? We offer email updates for The Genealogy Center’s programming schedule. Don’t miss out! Sign up at http://goo.gl/forms/THcV0wAabB.

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Genealogy Center Social Media

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Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/GenealogyCenter/

Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/genealogycenter/

Twitter: https://twitter.com/ACPLGenealogy

Blog: http://www.genealogycenter.org/Community/Blog.aspx

YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/user/askacpl

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Driving Directions to the Library

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Wondering how to get to the library? Our location is 900 Library Plaza, Fort Wayne, Indiana, in the block bordered on the south by Washington Boulevard, the west by Ewing Street, the north by Wayne Street, and the east by the Library Plaza, formerly Webster Street. We would enjoy having you visit the Genealogy Center. To get directions from your exact location to 900 Library Plaza, Fort Wayne, Indiana, visit this link at MapQuest: http://www.mapquest.com/maps/map.adp?formtype=address&addtohistory=&address=900%20 Webster%20St&city=Fort%20Wayne&state=IN&zipcode=46802%2d3602&country=US&geodiff =1 >From the South Exit Interstate 69 at exit 302. Drive east on Jefferson Boulevard into downtown. Turn left on Ewing Street. The Library is one block north, at Ewing Street and Washington Boulevard. Using US 27: US 27 turns into Lafayette Street. Drive north into downtown. Turn left at Washington Boulevard and go five blocks. The Library will be on the right. >From the North Exit Interstate 69 at exit 312. Drive south on Coldwater Road, which merges into Clinton Street. Continue south on Clinton to Washington Boulevard. Turn right on Washington and go three blocks. The Library will be on the right. >From the West Using US 30: Drive into town on US 30. US 30 turns into Goshen Ave. which dead-ends at West State Blvd. Make an angled left turn onto West State Blvd. Turn right on Wells Street. Go south on Wells to Wayne Street. Turn left on Wayne Street. The Library will be in the second block on the right. Using US 24: After crossing under Interstate 69, follow the same directions as from the South. >From the East Follow US 30/then 930 into and through New Haven, under an overpass into downtown Fort Wayne. You will be on Washington Blvd. when you get into downtown. Library Plaza will be on the right.

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Parking at the Library * **************************************

At the Library, underground parking can be accessed from Wayne Street. Other library parking lots are at Washington and Webster, and Wayne and Webster. Hourly parking is $1 per hour with a $7 maximum. ACPL library card holders may use their cards to validate the parking ticket at the west end of the Great Hall of the Library. Out of county residents may purchase a subscription card with proof of identification and residence. The current fee for an Individual Subscription Card is $85. Public lots are located at the corner of Ewing and Wayne Streets ($1 each for the first two halfhours, $1 per hour after, with a $4 per day maximum) and the corner of Jefferson Boulevard and Harrison Street ($3 per day). Street (metered) parking on Ewing and Wayne Streets. On the street you plug the meters 8am – 5pm, weekdays only. The meters take credit cards and charge at a rate of $1/hour. Street parking is free after 5 p.m. and on the weekends. Visitor center/Grand Wayne Center garage at Washington and Clinton Streets. This is the Hilton Hotel parking lot that also serves as a day parking garage. For hourly parking, 7am – 11 pm, charges are .50 for the first 45 minutes, then $1.00 per hour. There is a flat $2.00 fee between 5 p.m. and 11 p.m.

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Genealogy Center Queries

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The Genealogy Center hopes you find this newsletter interesting. Thank you for subscribing. We cannot, however, answer personal research emails written to the e-zine address. The department houses a Research Center that makes photocopies and conducts research for a fee. If you have a general question about our collection, or are interested in the Research Center, please telephone the library and speak to a librarian who will be glad to answer your general questions or send you a research center form. Our telephone number is 260-421-1225. If you’d like to email a general information question about the department, please email: Genealogy@ACPL.Info.

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Publishing Note

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This electronic newsletter is published by the Allen County Public Library's Genealogy Center, and is intended to enlighten readers about genealogical research methods as well as inform them about the vast resources of the Allen County Public Library. We welcome the wide distribution of this newsletter and encourage readers to forward it to their friends and societies. All precautions have been made to avoid errors. However, the publisher does not assume any liability to any party for any loss or damage caused by errors or omissions, no matter the cause. To subscribe to “Genealogy Gems,” simply use your browser to go to the website: www.GenealogyCenter.org. Scroll to the bottom, click on E-zine, and fill out the form. You will be notified with a confirmation email. If you do not want to receive this e-zine, please follow the link at the very bottom of the issue of Genealogy Gems you just received or send an email to kspears@acpl.lib.in.us with "unsubscribe e-zine" in the subject line. Curt B. Witcher and John D. Beatty, CG, co-editors